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1997 KDX220 PROJECT BY CARSON BROWN : 2-STROKE TUESDAY

On this week’s 2-Stroke Tuesday Carson Brown tells us a little bit of the story behind building his KDX220 project and why he thinks it’s one of the best off-road woods bikes ever built. If you want to see the mighty KDX220 in action scroll to the bottom of this page. We promise you won’t be disappointed in what this machine can do with Carson at the controls. For the full story on this build check out the February 2024 printed issue of Dirt Bike Magazine.

We found this particular 1997 KDX 220 on Facebook Marketplace for a pretty good deal. It wasn’t in the best shape but we knew it would be a fun build. 

Naturally the first order of business after getting this gem home was to really asses what was needed. As you probably expected a complete engine rebuild was needed. We got online and ordered all the rebuild parts needed from Motosport.com and sent the cylinder off to Southern California so Pro Circuits Mitch Payton could work his magic. 

Before we installed the dunlop tires the wheels got new purple rims and oversized spokes connected to the refurbished OEM hubs all put together by Kristen and the crew at Dubya. 

The pipe was a Platinum 2 that had to come from the rafters in some old stock room because we don’t see it anywhere on Pro Circuits website and the silencer was originally built for a KX250 motocross model.

 Guts Racing seat foam covered by a retro purple gripper cover. Other chassis bolt-on items included Devol Racing aluminum guards and skid plate, complete Works Connection clutch perch system, Renthal bars and drive system,

The KDX200/220 was one of the best woods bikes ever made in my humble opinion. It’s simple, and cheap. The engine with its KIPS power valve was super smooth and torquey back in the day; kind of like a 4 stroke without the weight and complexity.

BMW M3 Engine Teardown Shows The Consequences Of Suspected Over-Revving

Engine teardown movies are like a thriller story since you slowly be taught extra about the reason for the failure because the clips proceed. This explicit video, nonetheless, is like an Agatha Christie story as a result of there are such a lot of crimson herrings. Watch the items come off a BMW S55 twin-turbo 3.0-liter inline-six from a 2016 M3, and see what number of failures you possibly can spot all through the video.

Whenever you see a BMW engine with the prefix S, it implies that the powerplant comes from the M division. We do not know whether or not this 2016 M3 has the Competition bundle or not, so the mill’s authentic output is both 425 horsepower or 444 hp.

Watch Jay Leno Drive A 70K-Mile 1963 Porsche 356 SC

Porsche’s journey as one of the most desirable and respected luxury car manufacturers started 75 years ago with the 356 in 1948. Since then, the brand has become synonymous with incredible sports cars, and it has now reached its 75th anniversary with a legendary history.

Jay Leno, a beloved figure in the automotive world, recently had the opportunity to drive a beautiful example of the Porsche 356. The 356 SC model from 1963 marked the transition from the original Porsche model to the iconic 911, which is celebrating its 60th anniversary this year.

The car is owned by Leno’s friend, Richard Powers, who discovered it after it had been stored for 36 years. Powers knows the complete history of the car, from its original purchase in Switzerland. Impressively, the car still retains its original paint from the 1980s and even has a parking permit sticker for UCLA dating back to 1971. The car’s records for service and maintenance have been meticulously maintained, and it remains mostly in its original condition, with the exception of the seats. It has only accumulated 69,000 miles.

One of the main highlights of the car is its exceptional build quality. Despite its age, it is still in excellent condition and boasts a 1.6-liter engine that delivers 95 horsepower.

Taking a drive in this car demonstrates that even after 60 years, it remains a thrilling and enjoyable experience. It serves as a testament to the timeless allure of classic sports cars. It’s no wonder that after experiencing the 356, Porsche has become the automotive titan that it is today, 75 years later.

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Increased Presence, Greater Individuality, and Systematic Electrification: The New BMW X5 xDrive30Li and X5 xDrive40Li

Munich. The new BMW X5 for the Chinese market is aiming to enhance its success with updated designs and advanced technologies. With its increased visual presence, upgraded BMW iDrive with QuickSelect, and efficient electrified engines, the two variants of the Sports Activity Vehicle (SAV) are more appealing than ever. These improvements position the new BMW X5 as a market leader in its segment. The debut of the new BMW X5 xDrive30Li (fuel consumption combined: 8.7 l/100 km [32.5 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions combined: 208 g/km in the WLTP cycle) and xDrive40Li (fuel consumption combined: 8.9 l/100 km [31.7 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions combined: 213 g/km in the WLTP cycle) will take place at the Chengdu Motor Show on August 25, 2023.

The BMW X5 xDrive30Li and xDrive40Li models have been specifically designed to meet the requirements of Chinese customers. The longer wheelbase provides generous legroom for rear passengers, and the widened rear doors make entry and exit easier. Additionally, there are specially designed seats and exclusive equipment features to enhance long-distance comfort. These new editions will be manufactured at the Dadong plant of the BMW Brilliance Automotive Ltd. joint venture in Shenyang and will be available in September 2023.

Visually Powerful Exterior Design for Greater Presence

The new BMW X5 xDrive30Li and xDrive40Li have a fresh interpretation of the signature BMW design elements, such as the headlights and kidney grille. These design updates enhance the overall presence and aura of confidence of the vehicles. The new headlights are narrower, and their daytime driving lights also function as turn signal indicators. Matrix LED headlights with adaptive control and BMW Selective Beam high beam are standard on the xDrive40Li and available as an option on the xDrive30Li. The rear lights have been restyled with sculptural fiber-optic light guide elements, creating a striking illuminated X motif.

The BMW kidney grille Iconic Glow, with cascade lighting and a chrome surface finish, is now standard on both model variants. The air curtains for the front apron and air breathers on the front side panels have been redesigned. The range of body colors now includes a Frozen paint finish for the first time, emphasizing the SAV’s distinct design surfaces.

The new edition of the BMW X5 for China offers two equipment lines. Both models come with the M Sport package, which includes various design elements in Black high-gloss for a sporty refinement. The optional M Sport package Luxury enhances the luxurious appearance with exclusive Pearl-effect Chrome inlays for the front and rear aprons, side skirts, air breathers, side window borders, and roof rails.

Progressive Premium Interior Ambience with Digital Cockpit

The interior of the new BMW X5 for China features high-quality Sensafin trim on the instrument panel, door panels, and comfort seats, highlighting its premium character. The standard Travel & Comfort System includes USB-C ports on the front seat backs.

Both the BMW X5 xDrive30Li and xDrive40Li are equipped with the latest-generation BMW iDrive display and control/operation system with QuickSelect. Based on BMW Operating System 8.5, it offers new graphics and a clear layout. The improved menu structure provides a focused driving experience by presenting the right information in the right place. The QuickSelect rapid-access technology makes selecting and operating vehicle functions and digital services simple and intuitive. The BMW Curved Display combines a 12.3-inch information display and a 14.9-inch control display into a single high-resolution, fully digital unit. The BMW Curved Display enhances the overall appeal with its frameless design and angled glass surface.

The interior of the cabin is completed with electroplated detailing on the steering wheel and door interiors, a smartphone tray with inductive charging designed exclusively for the Chinese market, metal grilles for the Harman Kardon Surround Sound System speakers, Crafted Clarity glass applications, a new-look selector lever, and an ambient light bar with effective backlighting. The standard panoramic glass sunroof can also be upgraded to the Sky Lounge version as an option.

Choice of Profiles for Customization, Innovative Automated Driving and Parking Systems

In addition to the M Sport package and M Sport package Luxury, the new BMW X5 xDrive30Li and xDrive40Li offer two profiles that provide top-quality comfort features, advanced chassis systems, and assistance systems. These profiles have been specifically created for each model variant and include adaptive two-axle air suspension, M Sport brakes, 21-inch light-alloy wheels, active seat ventilation, and a Heat Comfort package. There are also various individual options available, such as an Anthracite-colored M headliner, M seat belts, extended M High-gloss Shadowline trim, 22-inch M light-alloy wheels in double-spoke design, and 22-inch BMW Individual light-alloy wheels in V-spoke design.

The new BMW X5 xDrive30Li and xDrive40Li offer a wide range of automated driving and parking systems. The BMW Driving Assistant Professional includes features like the Steering and Lane Control Assistant and Highway Assistant. The BMW Parking Assistant Professional package includes an updated version of the Reversing Assistant and the Manoeuvre Assistant, allowing automated parking and maneuvering controlled through a smartphone from outside the vehicle.

Engines with Mild Hybrid Technology and New Eight-Speed Steptronic Sport Transmission

The two available petrol engines for the new BMW X5 in China are part of the new modular generation of BMW Group Efficient Dynamics engines and feature 48V mild hybrid technology. Both engines are paired with a new eight-speed Steptronic Sport transmission and BMW xDrive intelligent all-wheel drive as standard. The electrification of the power units enables rapid response to accelerator input, improving engine efficiency. The refined BMW TwinPower Turbo technology further enhances efficiency.

The 2.0-liter four-cylinder in-line petrol engine in the BMW X5 xDrive30Li produces an output of 190 kW/258 hp and a peak torque of 400 Nm (295 lb-ft), allowing for acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 7.2 seconds. The BMW X5 xDrive40Li is equipped with a straight-six petrol engine that generates a maximum output of 280 kW/380 hp and a peak torque of 520 Nm (383 lb-ft) from its 3.0-liter displacement. This enables the car to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.5 seconds. In addition, the BMW X5 xDrive40Li can drive on pure electric power at very low speeds.

The BMW X5 xDrive30Li: (fuel consumption combined: 8.7 l/100 km [32.5 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions combined: 208 g/km in the WLTP cycle).

The BMW X5 xDrive40Li: (fuel consumption combined: 8.9 l/100 km [31.7 mpg imp]; CO2 emissions combined: 213 g/km in the WLTP cycle).

2023 LORETTA LYNN AMATEUR CHAMPIONSHIP, THURSDAY

Thursday at the 2023 Monster Energy AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship was defined by heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, causing a delay in the race at Loretta Lynn’s Ranch. When racing resumed, the riders had to deal with a wet and challenging racetrack, leading to an unpredictable afternoon of competition.

Moto 2: 250 B Limited
The only class that was not affected by the rain was the 250 B Limited. The race started before the storm, with Leum Oehlhof of the NSA Yamaha Amateur Factory Team leading the pack after winning Moto 1. Despite facing strong competition from Jeremy Fappani of KTM Orange Brigade, Oehlhof managed to climb up the ranks and secure second place behind Fappani. However, a costly tip over dashed Oehlhof’s hopes of winning another moto.

Fappani took advantage of a clear track and finished first in Moto 2. Grayson Fair of KTM secured the third spot on the podium.

The final moto on Friday will determine the champion between Fappani and Oehlhof, as both riders have identical finishes in the first two motos.

250 B Limited Moto 2 Results

  1. Jeremy Fappani, Scottsdale, Ariz., KTM
  2. Leum Oehlhof, Oak Hills, Calif., Yamaha
  3. Grayson Fair, Jonesboro, La., KTM
  4. Thomas Ralston, Dalhart, Texas, Yamaha
  5. Trace Holland, Spicewood, Texas, KTM
Jeremy Fappani brought home a big win in the second moto of 250 B Limited. Photo Courtesy: MX Sports / Align Media

Moto 2: 250 B
The focus in the 250 B class was on Casey Cochran of Rockstar Energy Husqvarna, who was undefeated and dominating the field. However, Yamaha rider Rodrigo Borges took the early lead in Moto 2, only to be passed by Jordan Renfro of KTM and eventually by Krystian Janik of Kawasaki. Unfortunately for Cochran, he suffered an injury and had to retire from the race, ending his chances of winning the title.

Janik secured first place, followed by Drew Adams of Kawasaki in second and Logan Best of Yamaha in third.

Adams is now in control of his own destiny going into the final moto, as he is the only rider in the class with back-to-back podium finishes.

250 B Moto 2 Results

  1. Krystian Janik, Oak Lawn, Ill., Kawasaki
  2. Drew Adams, Chattanooga, Tenn., Kawasaki
  3. Logan Best, North Port, Fla., Yamaha
  4. Casey Benard Jr., Gilbert, Ariz., GASGAS
  5. Jordan Renfro, Lake Park, Ga., KTM
Krystian Janik captured the Moto 2 win in 250 B. Photo Courtesy: MX Sports / Align Media

Moto 2: Masters (50+)
Mike Brown of Munn Racing KTM was focused on regaining his dominance after a misstep in Moto 1. He quickly took the lead in Moto 2, leaving behind Jeff Emig on his KTM. Brown continued to extend his lead throughout the race, securing a comfortable victory.

Masters (50+) Moto 2 Results

  1. Mike Brown, Bluff City, Tenn., KTM
  2. Jeff Emig, Riverside, Calif., KTM
  3. Barry Carsten, Bayville, N.J., Suzuki
  4. Gregory Pamart, Birdsboro, Pa., Kawasaki
  5. Brian Carroll Jr., Vineland, N.J., Yamaha
No one was any match for Mike Brown in the second moto of Masters (50+). Photos Courtesy: MX Sports / Align Media

Moto 2: Mini Sr. 1 (12-14)
The unexpected happened in the Mini Sr. 1 class, as Jayce Wolf, Vincent Wey, Jonathan Getz, and Cole Blecha, who were expected to be in the running for the win, were overshadowed by a rider who didn’t even place in the top 10 in Moto 1.

Dakota Baker took the lead after Wey crashed and maintained a sizable advantage throughout the race, ultimately securing the moto victory. Carson Wood and Austin Camden completed the podium.

Mini Sr. 1 (12-14) Moto 2 Results

  1. Dakota Baker, Bowling Green, Ind., KTM
  2. Carson Wood, Zephyrhills, Fla., Kawasaki
  3. Austin Camden, Edmond, Okla., GASGAS
  4. Colby Lessar, Centennial, Colo., KTM
  5. Cole Blecha, Fruita, Colo., KTM
Dakota Baker took a surprise win in Moto 2 of Mini Sr. 1 (12-14). Photos Courtesy: MX Sports / Align Media

Moto 2: Supermini 1 (12-15)
In the Supermini 1 class, Deacon Denno of Husqvarna seized the opportunity with a strong start and claimed the top spot after the STACYC Holeshot. Despite facing tough competition, Denno maintained his lead and finished first. Landen Gordon of Kawasaki fought his way up to second place, followed by Canyon Richards of KTM in third.

Supermini 1 (12-15) Moto 2 Results

  1. Deacon Denno, Malakoff, Texas, Husqvarna
  2. Landen Gordon, Murrieta, Calif., Kawasaki
  3. Canyon Richards, Estell Manor, N.J., KTM
  4. Seth Dennis, Groveland, Fla., KTM
  5. Logan Mortberg, Pierson, Fla., KTM
Deacon Denno made a statement with his Moto 2 triumph in Supermini 1 (12-15). Photos Courtesy: MX Sports / Align Media

2023 AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship Thursday Winners

65cc (10-11) Limited: Jaydin Smart, Berry Creek, Calif., Cobra
125 Jr. (12-17) B/C: Kyle Paleologos, Auburn Ala., Yamaha
Junior (25+): Jeremy Fappani, Scottsdale, Ariz., KTM
250 C: Wyatt Thurman, Burleson, Texas, KTM
WMX: Ronnie Renner, Floral City, Fla., KTM
College (18-24): Chase Haynes, Scottsdale, Ariz., Kawasaki
65cc (7-9): Easton Graves, Walker, La., KTM

10 Coolest Vehicles AMC Ever Built

The American Motors Corporation (AMC) was known for making incredible cars that were solid competitors to the Big Three American automakers (Chrysler, Ford, and GM). Despite their success in making cars, AMC struggled to run a profitable business and eventually went out of business. However, the legacy of AMC lives on through the many cool rides they produced, which are still appreciated by collectors and enthusiasts today.

AMC was known for making lower-priced vehicles that were just as good, if not better, than the offerings of the Big Three. They also took risks and created some of the wildest rides during the classic muscle car era. Their cars were unique and creative, and they will always be remembered as an all-American company that produced some really cool cars.

Here are 10 of the coolest vehicles ever built by AMC:

10 1976 Pacer X

Black 1976 AMC Pacer X
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3/4 front view of black 1976 AMC Pacer X

The 1976 Pacer X was known for its unique “jellybean” body style. It was a compact car that offered plenty of room for passengers. While it wasn’t meant to be a performance model, AMC created the “X” package for the Pacer, which included cooler wheels, paint schemes, and a high output engine option. This transformed the dorky-looking Pacer into a relatively badass street machine.

9 1979 Spirit AMX

Black 1979 Spirit AMX
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1979 AMC Spirit AMX fire hood decal shot

The 1979 Spirit AMX was a diverse platform that included hatchbacks, sedans, and the cool liftback known as a “Kammback.” It offered a semi-kickass, muscle-ish car experience. While the engine had a lot of horses knocked out of it due to environmental regulations, the Spirit AMX was still a quick ride.

8 1965 Rambler Marlin

Red 1965 Rambler Marlin
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Red 1965 AMC Rambler Marlin parked

The 1965 Rambler Marlin was a fastback luxury vehicle that offered a unique blend of style and performance. It was considered one of the fastest cars on American streets at the time.

7 1974 AMC Gremlin 401-XR

Purple 1974 AMC Gremlin 401XR
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3/4 rear view of purple 1974 AMC Gremlin 401XR

The 1974 Gremlin 401-XR was a unique version of the popular Gremlin compact car. The 401-XR had its engine swapped out for a more powerful 401ci V-8 engine, making it a track monster.

6 1957 Rambler Rebel

Silver 1957 AMC Rambler Rebel
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3/4 front view of 1957 AMC Rambler Rebel

The 1957 Rambler Rebel is recognized as the first factory-built intermediate-size performance car. It was considered one of the fastest cars on American streets at the time.

5 1968 Javelin SST

Blue 1969 AMC Javelin SST
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3/4 front view of 1969 AMC Javelin SST

The 1968 Javelin SST was AMC’s entry into the pony car market. It offered a stylish design and a powerful engine, making it a popular option for performance enthusiasts.

4 1971 Hornet SC/360

Red 1971 Hornet SC/360
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3/4 front view of red 1971 AMC Hornet SC/360

The 1971 Hornet SC/360 was a compact muscle car that offered impressive power and performance. It featured a powerful 360ci V-8 engine and a sleek design, making it a standout option in its class.

3 1971 Matador Machine Go

The 1971 Matador Machine Go was a cool version of the Matador that featured a wicked fast performance and a stylish design. It was a limited build, with only around 50 produced, making it a highly desirable collector’s car.

2 1969 AMX California 500 Special

Big Bad Green 1969 AMX California 500 Special
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3/4 rear view Big Bad Green 1969 AMX California 500 Special

The 1969 AMX California 500 Special was a limited edition performance car that was painted in a patriotic red, white, and blue color scheme. It offered impressive power and performance, and only around 32 were ever made, making it a rare collector’s item.

1 1970 Rebel Machine

Valentino Rossi Wins his First GT World Challenge Europe Race at Misano

Valentino Rossi, the nine-time motorcycle world champion, has claimed his first victory in the Fanatec GT World Challenge Europe Powered by AWS (GTWC). The race took place at Misano, Italy, and was part of the Sprint Cup in this season’s championship. Rossi, racing alongside Maxime Martin, dominated the one-hour race and secured the win in scorching hot conditions. This victory marks Rossi’s biggest achievement in car racing so far. BMW M Team WRT, Rossi’s team, also celebrated a class win in the Gold Cup, as well as other podium finishes.

Rossi and Martin were elated after their win and were cheered on by their countless fans. This triumph on home soil is Rossi’s most significant success in automobile racing. While he had previously won his first race on four wheels at the ‘Road to Le Mans,’ winning against the best GT racing drivers in the world in GTWC Europe is an even greater accomplishment. Martin played a crucial role in the victory, especially since the last time a BMW race car won in the GTWC Sprint Cup was eight years ago with Martin and Dirk Müller driving a BMW Z4 GT3.

BMW M Team WRT had more reasons to celebrate as well. Dries Vanthoor and Charles Weerts showed an impressive performance, climbing from 21st on the grid to finish third in the Saturday race. They started from pole position on Sunday but faced setbacks during the pit stop, ultimately settling for ninth place. Jean-Baptiste Simmenauer and Thomas Neubauer finished third, joining Rossi and Martin on the podium. Niklas Krütten and Calan Williams secured the Gold Cup victory on Sunday.

After the race weekend, Andreas Roos, Head of BMW M Motorsport, congratulated Rossi on his first GT World Challenge Europe victory and praised his development as a driver. Vincent Vosse, Team Principal of BMW M Team WRT, expressed his emotions and highlighted the significance of winning the race with Rossi at Misano. Rossi himself expressed his joy and gratitude, emphasizing the specialness of winning in this racing series at his home circuit. Maxime Martin also shared his excitement and mentioned the momentum they have as a team going into future races. Dries Vanthoor and Charles Weerts reflected on their performance, acknowledging the setbacks but remaining optimistic about their progress with the BMW M4 GT3.

Grant Baylor Wins Cherokee National Enduro

Logan Densmore wrote the story, and Mack Faint took the photos.
Grant Baylor won the NE PRO1 class and all 5 sections in the race after the 6th section was cancelled due to lightning and heavy rain. He took home an extra $1000 in James’ name.

The weather at the 57th annual Cherokee National Enduro, which is typically hot and humid, was cooler and drier this year. The event was dedicated to James Bransford, the longest-serving member of the Cherokee Enduro Riders club who passed away last fall. James had put in countless hours in the woods of Greensboro, GA, making it possible for many of the Cherokee Enduros to

Watch New Forza Motorsport Trailer, Game Releases On October 10

UPDATE: An earlier version of this story referred to the game as Forza Motorsport 7. This is incorrect. It is just Forza Motorsport.

The latest trailer for Forza Motorsport premiered during the Xbox Games Showcase during the 2023 Summer Games Fest. This new video focuses on the partnership with General Motors for highlighting the 2024 Chevrolet Corvette E-Ray and the Cadillac Racing V-Series.R LMDh racer for the new entry in the franchise. October 10, 2023, is the newly unveiled release date.

The Chevy and Cadillac will be the vehicles gracing the cover of Forza Motorsport. The video begins with the V-Series.R on the track competing with other race cars. Then, it quickly transitions to showing the E-Ray in the Home view where players can enter races and select different vehicles. 

Next, there’s more racing with a circuit showing Eaglerock Speedway on the walls. The course appears to have an oval layout, which would work for stock car-style events.

The next course on display seems to be the Suzuka Circuit. Later, there’s a brief glimpse of what looks to be the famous Eau Rouge corner from the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. A short snippet also appears to show a bit from the Le Mans track.

This short trailer isn’t our last look at Forza Motorsport before the game’s launch. There will be a walkthrough of the single-player career campaign on June 13 (announcement below).

 

Forza Motorsport will launch with over 500 cars, and over 100 of them will be completely new to the game. Plus, developer Turn 10 Studios will pack the roster with more racing-specific machines than ever before. If that won’t provide enough to pick from, there will be over 800 upgrades available for vehicle customization.

Of course, these cars would be useless without a place to race. Forza Motorsport has 20 places to race, five of which are new to the series. An earlier clip revealed two of them: Hakone in Japan and the Kyalami circuit in South Africa.

The graphics should be better than ever, too. The developers promise the ability to play in a 4K resolution at 60 frames per second, and that’s with ray tracing to create even more realistic lighting effects. A new time-of-day function allows players to start a race during the day and have the event transition into the night. For better sound, the game supports Dolby Atmos, which adds a layer of height to the noise in addition to the usual left-to-right projection.

The new game will have additional driving assists to be more accessible to users. For example, Blind Driving Assists help blind players or those with low vision. It adds more audio cues to help users navigate tracks without needing to see everything. One Touch Driving aids folks who have issues with pressing multiple buttons simultaneously, gripping a controller, or maintaining button pressure.

The video below is from June 2022 and shows more of the gameplay.

Check Out The Toyota Toilet That Was Three Years In The Making

Yes, there will be plenty of jokes surrounding this story. But before the toilet humor commences, let us first applaud Toyota for creating a legitimately awesome solution for folks who can’t get around as easily as most. Nobody likes using the porta-potty at public events, but imagine the difficulties for someone in a wheelchair. This Toyota Toilet solves that conundrum, and with a bit of style no less.

It all started back in 2019. The folks in Toyota’s Vision Design Division were given the unlikely task of designing a toilet, but not simply a plastic booth with a Toyota logo. The request was for a toilet that could be mobile and easily accessible to those with special needs. Wheelchair users obviously come to mind, and with outdoor toilets at temporary venues seldom user-friendly for anyone, the Japanese automaker felt obligated to go a few steps beyond the requirements.