Internal combustion engines aren’t lifeless. Aside from the chances of artificial fuels appropriate with present-day mills, improvement can be happening on hydrogen-powered combustion engines.
Last December we got an overview of the 2.0-liter turbocharged four-pot presently in improvement with AVL Racetech. Now we have now an in-depth take a look at precisely how the corporate is utilizing hydrogen to make a strong, noisy, and sustainable combustion engine for the longer term.
Our colleagues with Autosport not too long ago toured AVL Racetech’s facility in Austria, the place the four-cylinder is being dyno-tested. A 13-minute video confirms it sounds each bit like a small, high-output engine ought to – howling its coronary heart out because the exhaust pipes glow cherry crimson from the managed explosions inside the cylinders. This explicit dyno session sees the engine attain a peak output of 405 horsepower at 6,500 rpm, with most torque reaching 375 pound-feet at 4,000 revs. Previously, the engine clocked 410 hp however with simply 368 lb-ft of torque.
As the video states, one would not essentially know this engine was burning hydrogen by sound alone. And it will take a eager eye to identify visible variations within the numerous engine parts. It is, nevertheless, averycompletely different engine versus one you’d discover in your common passenger automotive.
“Hydrogen is a very reactive molecule,” mentioned Paul Kapus, supervisor of spark-ignited engines and idea automobiles at AVL Racetech. “It likes to ignite on every surface you can imagine – hot surfaces, hot oil droplets, too-hot spark plugs, hot valves. There is a big risk of preignition.”
Senior Development Engineer Nilton Dinaz additional explains the challenges the corporate faces. “Hydrogen is a really peculiar fuel. It needs to moderate the combustion process itself because it burns blazingly fast. That’s why we approach with water injection.”
High strain is a reality of life with hydrogen engines. The consumption manifold and gasoline rails are particularly designed to make use of the gasoline, and lest we overlook, it is a very dry gasoline versus regular pump fuel, which is a liquid. The gasoline injectors require lubrication, and there is even a hydrogen-specific turbocharger concerned. Pressures are very excessive, so the engine’s fundamental building must deal with that strain with out blowing aside.
But the system works properly. The video reveals the mill cranking out energy much like Mercedes-AMG’s heroic turbo-four, all whereas utilizing an plentiful gasoline supply. The subsequent part will see the engine examined on the monitor in racing circumstances. And if all goes properly, there may very well be hydrogen-engined vehicles racing at Le Mans in 2026.
For greater than a century, the whirring symphony of inside combustion engines has dominated the asphalt jungle. But a silent revolution is brewing, propelled by the glossy, futuristic hum of electric vehicles (EVs). While their glossy designs and futuristic options flip heads, it is beneath the hood, nestled inside a fancy community of cells, that the true magic lies: the EV battery.
Batteries are the lifeblood of the silent chariots, EVs. They’re not simply energy sources; they’re intricate vitality storage techniques, miniature energy vegetation whispering the guarantees of a cleaner, quieter future. Their story, intertwined with the rise of EVs themselves, reveals a captivating journey – from clunky prototypes struggling to inch a couple of miles to trendy marvels propelling glossy machines throughout tons of.
This isn’t any mere story of amps and watts; it is a saga of scientific brilliance, relentless innovation, and unwavering dedication to pushing the boundaries of what is potential. It’s about defying the constraints of distance and dependence on fossil fuels, about etching a cleaner path for generations to return. Here’s an in-depth clarification of some several types of electrical automobile batteries:
Car batteries have come a great distance; and with the event of several types of EV batteries, they nonetheless have an extended solution to go.
In order to provide the most recent and correct info potential, the info used to compile this text was sourced from numerous web sites together with: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, and different dependable sources.
Lithium-Batteries Are A Powerhouse For Electric Vehicles
Lithium-ion batteries, typically shortened to Li-ion, are one of many undisputed champions of electrical automobile batteries. They power the vast majority of EVs on the road today, and for good cause. Their mixture of excessive vitality density, lengthy lifespan, and environment friendly charging makes them the best selection for autos that depend on saved electrical vitality.
Lithium-ion batteries act as miniature powerhouses. Imagine two plates bathed in a particular ion-rich liquid. One plate, manufactured from carbon or an identical materials, shops lithium ions like tiny cash. The different, a metallic oxide compound, welcomes these friends throughout charging. When you press the pedal, the saved lithium ions movement like a charged parade, releasing vitality via an exterior circuit to energy the electrical motor. While charging, the parade reverses, refilling the carbon plate with lithium-coin reserves. This dance of ions allows your EV to zip round.
Pros:
High Energy Density: Lithium-ion batteries can store a large amount of energy in a small package. This interprets to longer driving ranges for electrical autos in comparison with different battery varieties like lead-acid. A typical EV battery pack would possibly weigh round 800 kilos however can provide a spread of over 200 miles on a single cost.
Long Lifespan: Lithium-ion batteries may be cycled, which means charged and discharged, a number of instances earlier than displaying important degradation.
High Efficiency: Lithium-ion batteries have a excessive cost/discharge effectivity, which means much less vitality is misplaced in the course of the course of. This interprets to elevated vary and decreased vitality consumption for the car.
Lightweight: Despite their excessive vitality density, Lithium-ion batteries are inherently lighter than different battery varieties, contributing to improved car efficiency and decreased weight.
Environmental Impact: While electrical autos provide substantial environmental advantages by way of decreased emissions, Lithium-ion battery production involves the mining of raw materials like lithium and cobalt, which may have environmental and social considerations related to them.
Performance Degradation in Cold Weather: Cold temperatures can cut back the effectivity and vary of Lithium-ion batteries, posing challenges in colder climates. Battery pre-conditioning techniques can assist mitigate this situation.
Researchers on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory could have modified the EV trade perpetually. Here’s what we all know up to now.
Lead-Acid Batteries Are The Definition Of “Legends Never Die”
Polestar
While the time period “electric car battery” conjures photographs of glossy lithium-ion modules, an typically neglected veteran nonetheless holds its floor: the lead-acid battery. For over a century, these strong however weighty powerhouses have served because the spine of automobile ignition techniques, providing a reliable, albeit restricted, resolution for beginning engines. However, with the rise of electrical autos (EVs), lead-acid batteries are experiencing a metamorphosis, transitioning from supporting solid to potential co-star within the electrical mobility revolution.
Pros:
High surge present: They excel at delivering brief bursts of excessive energy, an important issue for cranking up automobile engines.
Reliable and strong: Lead-acid batteries are recognized for his or her longevity and resilience.
Mature expertise: Their lengthy historical past interprets to widespread availability, established upkeep procedures, and readily accessible recycling processes.
Cons:
Low vitality density: Lead-acid batteries retailer considerably much less vitality per unit weight or quantity in comparison with lithium-ion, limiting their driving vary in EVs.
Shallow discharge cycles: They degrade quicker with deep discharges, impacting their suitability for powering the first propulsion of electrical autos.
Heavyweight: The lead content material makes them considerably heavier than lithium-ion batteries, affecting car agility and effectivity.
After lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, graphene batteries could be the following large factor to occur to EVs, and here is why.
HiPhi
NiMH batteries function on a unique precept in comparison with Li-ion batteries. While Li-ion batteries depend on the motion of lithium ions between a cathode and anode, NiMH batteries involve the absorption and release of hydrogen in a metallic alloy on the unfavorable electrode. During charging, nickel hydroxide on the constructive electrode releases oxygen, which mixes with hydrogen ions (protons) within the electrolyte to type hydrogen molecules. These hydrogen molecules are then absorbed into the metallic alloy on the unfavorable electrode. During discharge, the reverse course of happens: hydrogen is launched from the alloy, combines with oxygen on the constructive electrode, and generates electrical energy.
Pros:
High Energy Density: Compared to their predecessor, Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries, NiMH batteries boast considerably larger vitality density, permitting them to retailer extra vitality per unit quantity and weight. This interprets to a doubtlessly longer driving vary for electrical vehicles geared up with NiMH batteries.
Good Cold-Weather Performance: Unlike Li-ion batteries, which may lose important capability in chilly temperatures, NiMH batteries preserve a comparatively steady efficiency even in chilly climate.
Environmentally Friendly: NiMH batteries don’t comprise main poisonous metals like cadmium or lead, making them a extra environmentally pleasant various to NiCd batteries. Additionally, they boast excessive recycling charges, additional lowering their environmental footprint.
Cons:
Lower Energy Density than Li-ion: Despite their enchancment over NiCd batteries, NiMH batteries nonetheless maintain much less vitality per unit quantity in comparison with Li-ion batteries. This interprets to a shorter potential driving vary for EVs geared up with NiMH batteries in comparison with these with Li-ion batteries.
Memory Effect: NiMH batteries are prone to the “memory effect,” the place repeated partial discharges can result in a discount in total capability. While not as extreme as in NiCd batteries, this phenomenon can nonetheless shorten the lifespan of a NiMH battery.
Safety Concerns: While usually thought of secure, NiMH batteries can sometimes expertise thermal runaway underneath sure circumstances, which may result in hearth or explosion. This necessitates correct security measures and monitoring techniques in EVs using these batteries.
Unveil the elite EV batteries setting requirements in vary and constant efficiency.
Solid-State Batteries Are A Game Changer In The Making
Toyota
While lithium-ion batteries reign supreme in powering electrical autos, a brand new contender is rising on the horizon: the solid-state battery. This revolutionary expertise guarantees to redefine the way in which we retailer and make the most of vitality, doubtlessly reworking the panorama of electrical mobility and past.
Solid-state batteries differ from their lithium-ion counterparts in a single key side: the electrolyte. In lithium-ion batteries, the electrolyte is a liquid that enables lithium ions to movement between the anode and cathode, producing electrical energy. Solid-state batteries, alternatively, exchange this liquid with a strong materials, sometimes a ceramic or polymer.
Pros:
Safety: The elimination of flammable liquids considerably reduces the chance of fireplace and explosion, a serious concern with lithium-ion batteries. This enhanced security makes solid-state batteries significantly engaging for purposes in plane, public transportation, and grid storage.
Higher Energy Density: Solid-state batteries can retailer extra vitality per unit quantity than lithium-ion batteries. This interprets to longer driving ranges for EVs, smaller and lighter batteries, and even elevated cargo house.
Wider Temperature Range: Solid-state batteries are anticipated to function effectively throughout a broader temperature vary, from excessive chilly to scorching warmth. This makes them appropriate to be used in numerous climates and environments, with out the necessity for complicated thermal administration techniques.
Cons:
Cost: Currently, solid-state batteries are considerably costlier to provide than lithium-ion batteries. This excessive value is a serious hurdle to widespread adoption, significantly within the price-sensitive EV market.
Manufacturing Challenges: Manufacturing solid-state batteries is a fancy and difficult course of, requiring specialised gear and supplies. This limits manufacturing capability and contributes to the excessive value.
Performance: While solid-state batteries provide important potential, they’re nonetheless underneath growth. Their real-world efficiency by way of vitality density, charging pace, and lifespan wants additional testing and validation.
In the following decade, solid-state batteries are going to make everybody who doubted EVs takeover conceal their faces
In conclusion, the panorama of electrical automobile batteries is a vibrant tapestry woven from numerous applied sciences, a lot broader than simply those talked about on this article. As analysis and growth weave their magic, the way forward for electrical automobile batteries shimmers with potentialities, paving the way in which for longer journeys, quicker refuels, and a greener path for transportation.
In such a unstable atmosphere, it is no surprise that nations are combating to determine inner norms, useful roles, and infrastructure to take advantage of out of some great benefits of unmanned fight. In some ways, this push in the direction of AI-powered unmanned fight in fighter jets additionally means evolving methods for securing autonomous techniques, in addition to studying to defend in opposition to them as effectively. The rising dependence on synthetic intelligence poses new dangers for navy items, particularly when mitigating ongoing and potential cybersecurity threats.
Among the shortfalls of the U.S. Air Force Weapon Systems, the Rand Corporation shares in its analysis temporary that management and accountability for navy system cybersecurity is commonly unfold over a number of organizations. Because of this, it cites that it might probably result in challenges in decision-making and accountability. However, because of the unpredictability of cybersecurity as an entire, it is important to grasp that the United States is not the one nation that has this drawback.
Additionally, it is vital to grasp that though algorithms can streamline decision-making processes, in addition they lack the human ingredient of flexibility. In some instances, split-second decision-making based mostly on intuition is a vital side of the preservation of life.
Because of the transnational nature of synthetic intelligence, understanding its challenges in addition to alternatives is important to drafting regulation, earlier than its capabilities develop into out of hand. In tandem with different rising applied sciences, similar to biotechnology, robotics, and quantum computing, we have barely scratched the floor of navy functions in AI, together with its penalties.
The way forward for the automotive trade is electrical – get your head out of the sand, you ardent internal combustion enthusiast, and settle for that automakers are writing the ultimate chapters of pure-gas automobiles. A take a look at SUV lineups demonstrates that the majority automakers now supply hybrid choices (which carry a premium) which are enticing to patrons as a consequence of their low gas consumption metrics.
Thankfully, automakers like Jeep haven’t deserted gas-only engines; Jeep’s mum or dad firm, Stellantis, predicts that ICE automobiles will stay on roads till 2050 and has invested heavily in developing e-fuels. You can get all of the goodies of SUVs in a car motivated by a frugal gas-only engine that takes only a few minutes to prime up on the pump. Here are ten gas-only crossovers which are extra environment friendly than you understand.
While hybrid SUVs have come a great distance when it comes to gas effectivity, there are nonetheless gasoline-only choices that carry out almost as effectively
In order to provide the most recent and correct info potential, the info used to compile this text was sourced from varied producer web sites and different authoritative sources, fueleconomy.gov, MotorTrend, and Car And Driver. The following fashions have been ranked in keeping with their gas effectivity (mixed mpg) from lowest to highest.
102024 Jeep Compass
Average Fuel Economy: 27 MPG
Jeep
The Jeep Compass might not be the most effective handsome, reasonably priced, or economical automobile on this record. However, it affords loads for its comparatively excessive value and has boxy appears that would develop on you. AWD is commonplace on all variants, as is a brand new 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-four that churns out 200 horsepower and 221 pound-feet.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Turbocharged 2.0-liter inline-four
Horsepower
200 horsepower
Torque
221 pound-feet
Driveline
AWD
Towing Capacity
2000 kilos
Payload Capacity
27.2 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
24 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
32 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
27 MPG
(Specs sourced from Jeep)
Featuring a ten.1-inch infotainment display, the Compass’s inside is unspectacular however practical and effectively laid out. Priced between $25,900 and $33,895, the tall Compass affords loads of house for 4 passengers. You additionally get acres of cargo house, particularly with the rear seats folded.
92024 Subaru Crosstrek
Average Fuel Economy: 29 MPG
Subaru
Subaru launched the Crosstrek’s third era with the 2024 mannequin, ditching the earlier era’s handbook transmission for a CVT. Barring minor alterations, the Crosstrek’s exterior hasn’t modified a lot. Inside, Subaru executed minor changes for 2024, bettering the seat design and soundproofing.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
2.0-liter flat-four
Horsepower
152 horsepower
Torque
145 pound-feet
Driveline
AWD
Towing Capacity
1,500 kilos
Payload Capacity
20 cubic-feet
Fuel Economy – City
27 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
34 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
29 MPG
(Specs sourced from Subaru)
All Crosstrek variants function all-wheel drive powered by a 2.0-liter or 2.5-liter flat-four. The 2.0-liter is essentially the most frugal Crosstrek powertrain. It sends 152 horsepower to all four-wheel by means of a CVT. A extra highly effective 2.5 turbo boxer engine is accessible on larger trims and the Wilderness variant that offers a combined 27 mpg. Pricing for the bottom mannequin begins at $25,195, the place as the highest of the road Wilderness will set you again $32,195.
82024 Chevrolet Trax
Average Fuel Economy: 30 MPG
Chevrolet
Following a short break, the Chevrolet Trax returned with more legroom, elevated cargo capability, much less energy, and a decrease sticker value. It’s 1.2liter inline-three borrowed from its Trailblazer sibling produces 137 horsepower. Despite its rugged appears, the Trax is not made for off-roading. All variants direct energy to the entrance axle by means of a sluggish six-speed automatic transmission.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Turbocharged 1.2-liter inline-three
Horsepower
137 horsepower
Torque
162 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
NA
Payload Capacity
25.6 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
28 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
32 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
30 MPG
(Specs sourced from Chevrolet)
Chevy’s persistence when redesigning the Trax paid off. The most placing function of the Trax’s angular dashboard is an unlimited digital dashboard consisting of an infotainment display angled towards the motive force. Features similar to wi-fi Android Auto and Apple CarPlay are commonplace, and a wi-fi telephone charger is non-obligatory. The 2024 Trax is priced between $21,495 and $24,995.
If you are wanting a frugal sedan that may take you from level A to B, with out burning an enormous gap in your pocket you’ll be able to’t go flawed with these 10
72024 Buick Envista
Average Fuel Economy: 30 MPG
Buick
Introduced for 2024, the Envista is the Buick brand’s entry-level SUV, slotting in behind the Encore and underrated Envision. All Envista variants function a turbocharged 1.2-liter inline-three engine, the smaller of the 2 engines supplied with the Encore GX. In phrases of styling, the Envista is true up there within the subcompact SUV phase, with its sloping coupe-like rear part.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Turbocharged 1.2-liter inline-three
Horsepower
137 horsepower
Torque
162 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
NA
Payload Capacity
20.7 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
28 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
32 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
30 MPG
(Specs sourced from Buick)
There’s sufficient room inside for passengers to journey in consolation. The inside, although low-quality, appears dearer than the automobile prices. The standout inside function is the trapezoid glass housing that holds the infotainment touchscreen and the digital gauge cluster. The Buick Envista is priced between $23,495 and $29,695.
62024 Buick Encore GX FWD
Average Fuel Economy: 30 MPG
Buick
The Buick Encore GX appears enticing from the entrance, with the Buick emblem gleaming alongside two curved headlights. The inclusion of Buick’s up to date emblem on the nostril and tail of the GX was a part of the nameplate’s 2024 refresh, which additionally included the set up of a revised grille and reshaped bumpers. Inside, Buick added a brand new digital show, together with an 11.0-inch infotainment touchscreen.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Turbocharged 1.2-liter inline-three
Horsepower
137 horsepower
Torque
162 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
1,000 kilos
Payload Capacity
23.5 cubic-feet
Fuel Economy – City
30 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
31 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
30 MPG
(Specs sourced from Buick)
The turbocharged 1.2-liter and 1.3-liter engines have comparable common combustion figures in FWD GX variants. However, the smaller engine is a tad extra economical within the metropolis. The GX is healthier outfitted than its subcompact SUV rivals, incorporates a plush journey, and barely lets any road noise inside the cabin. Prices begin at $25,600 with the highest trim costing $33,195.
52024 Hyundai Venue
Average Fuel Economy: 31 MPG
Hyundai
The tiny Hyundai Venue options an engine that matches its exterior proportions – a small 121-horsepower four-cylinder. You most likely received’t get many overtakes completed whereas driving the Venue. However, this sub-compact crossover’s engine supplies sufficient zest for snug metropolis driving whereas consuming little or no gas.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Naturally-aspirated 1.6-liter inline-four
Horsepower
121 horsepower
Torque
113 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
NA
Payload Capacity
18.7 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
29 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
33 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
31 MPG
(Specs sourced from Hyundai)
The base model Venue, at $19,800 is the cheapest SUV on sale in 2023. Higher trims are nonetheless fairly reasonably priced, with the top-of-the-line Limited variant costing simply $23,050. Though small, the Venue has greater than sufficient room for passengers to journey comfortably. Despite that includes low-quality supplies, the inside is enticing and effectively put collectively. It options an 8.0-inch infotainment display with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility.
Thanks to a raised journey peak and small footprint, sub-compact SUVs have develop into more and more fashionable, and listed here are a few of the easiest fashions
42024 Volkswagen Taos
Average Fuel Economy: 31 MPG
Volkswagen Taos
Packaged underneath the hood of each Volkswagen Taos is a brand new turbocharged energy unit that produces 158 horsepower. FWD variants have an eight-speed auto field and torsion beam rear suspension, whereas RWD fashions function a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox and multilink rear suspension. You get loads of cabin house and a moderately drab inside that includes a 6.5-inch touchscreen as commonplace.
Chevy developed the Trailblazer as a smaller alternative to the Chevrolet Blazer. The distinction in energy between the 2 turbocharged inline-three engines that include the Trailblazer is a mere 18 horsepower. Opting for all-wheel drive will get you a clean nine-speed auto, whereas selecting FWD will get you higher gas financial system and a repeatedly variable tranmsission.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Turbocharged 1.2-liter inline-three
Horsepower
137 horsepower
Torque
162 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
1,000 kilos
Payload Capacity
25.3 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
29 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
33 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
31 MPG
(Specs sourced from Chevrolet)
The Trailblazer is huge for its class, which bodes effectively for patrons with a lot to haul. An additional perk of the Trailblazer is that the entrance passenger seat folds flat, facilitating the transportation of lengthy objects. Chevrolet refreshed the Trailblazer for 2024, putting in an 8.0-inch digital gauge cluster and an 11.0-inch infotainment touchscreen. Prices vary between $24,395 and $29,995.
22024 Kia Seltos FWD
Average Fuel Economy: 31 MPG
Kia
When contemplating appears, the Kia Seltos beats most of the cars on this list. It obtained a refresh for the 2024 mannequin yr that improved styling and infotainment know-how. Kia affords two engines with the Seltos: a naturally aspirated 2.0-liter and a turbocharged 1.6-liter. The 2.0-liter is essentially the most economical, whereas the turbocharged unit is essentially the most highly effective.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Naturally aspirated 2.0-liter
Horsepower
146 horsepower
Torque
132 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
NA
Payload Capacity
26.6 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
28 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
34 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
31 MPG
(Specs sourced from Kia)
Models with the naturally aspirated engine and FWD supply higher gas financial system. Variants with AWD and the stronger 1.6-liter devour extra, however not by a lot. The Seltos’s inside appears dearer than the its value suggests. Also, the Seltos supply loads of room for hauling folks and items. Prices vary between $24,995 and $29,990.
Among the ocean of SUVs at present on sale, discover out what makes the Nissan Kicks essentially the most frugal and fuel-efficient crossover
12024 Nissan Kicks
Average Fuel Economy: 33 MPG
Nissan
The Nissan Kicks doesn’t supply a lot energy – all you get is a small 1.6-liter engine making 122 horsepower. It received’t win any drag races, even amongst its opponents within the subcompact SUV phase. However, the Kicks has a low sticker value of $20,790, is affordable to run, and has loads of house for passengers and cargo.
Performance And Fuel Economy
Engine
Naturally aspirated inline-four
Horsepower
122 horsepower
Torque
114 pound-feet
Driveline
FWD
Towing Capacity
NA
Payload Capacity
25.3 cubic toes
Fuel Economy – City
31 MPG
Fuel Economy – Highway
36 MPG
Fuel Economy – Combined
33 MPG
(Specs sourced from Nissan)
Furthermore, Nissan did a fairly first rate job styling the automobile’s exterior. You don’t get a lot when it comes to inside package – a 7.0-inch touchscreen is commonplace. That mentioned, the Kicks incorporates a sensible, neatly organized cabin and a collection of driver aids. Overall, the Nissan Kicks offers excellent value
Bentley’s final inner combustion-powered mannequin is the $2.1-million Batur coupe. Just 18 of the 740 horsepower grand tourers might be made, and to rejoice, Ducati is constructing 550 bikes. Sound just a little bizarre? Well, no less than the bike appears good.
If you did not know, Ducati is a subsidiary of Lamborghini, which is, in flip, part of Audi. Audi is a part of the VW group, after all, which additionally consists of Bentley. That’s the connection that makes collaboration between a British luxurious model and an Italian bike firm potential. The reply is at all times Germans.
The bike itself is a beast even earlier than it will get any Batur-inspired touches. The Diavel V4 packs 168 horsepower from a 1.2-liter V4 “Granturismo” engine. It’s reworked right into a Bentley-branded bike with a number of aesthetic modifications.
The Scarab Green colour is straight out of Bentley’s ultra-luxury Mulliner Palette, for example. The Forged wheels additionally match these discovered on the Batur very intently. Beyond that, Ducati and Bentley designers labored collectively to try to match the 2 and four-wheeled autos collectively as a lot as they might. Components just like the air intakes, entrance mudguard, fairing, and gasoline tank had been all sculpted to be paying homage to the $2.1-million coupe.
A complete of 500 normal examples of the bike might be constructed at a value of $70,000 a chunk, however a further 50 so-called “Diavel for Bentley Mulliner” bikes might be obtainable for Bentley Mulliner clients. Those purchasers will be capable of customise their bikes’ colour and trim to their liking, with tons of potential choices. You’ll want $90,000 to get your palms on one.
Ducati’s CEO Claudio Domenicali anticipates that “by the end of the week it will be completely sold out.” The firm is at present taking deposits on the bikes, with deliveries set to start in the summertime of subsequent 12 months.
Lotus is bidding farewell to internal combustion engines with the Emira sports car being the last ICE model from Norfolk. The Geely-owned brand has committed to go all-electric by 2028, starting with the Eletre SUV and Emeya sedan. A smaller crossover and a zero-emission sports car are also in the plans. To support its growing EV portfolio, the British brand is introducing multiple charging solutions.
Addressing charging anxiety, Lotus has developed a liquid-cooled DC charger capable of delivering 450 kilowatts of power. Charging the Eletre R for just five minutes will provide over 88 miles of range. For comparison, Tesla’s Supercharger V3 replenishes the battery for 75 miles of range in the same time while a Hyundai Ioniq 5 gives you 62 miles.
The liquid-cooled DC charger allows the Eletre R to charge from 10 to 80 percent in 20 minutes at 450 kW. At 350 kW, it can extend the range by 74 miles in five minutes. This robust charger is complemented by a power cabinet, also liquid-cooled, designed for rest areas along highways. Furthermore, Lotus has produced a charging unit capable of supporting up to four EVs simultaneously.
These high-power charging solutions are already operational in China and will be rolled out in Europe and the Middle East in the second quarter of 2024. Additional countries outside of these regions will be added later.
Lotus is part of the Geely empire, which also includes Polestar under the same corporate umbrella. Polestar is cooperating with StoreDot to develop a faster charging solution that would add 100 miles of range in five minutes, known as extreme fast charging (XFC). The technology is currently undergoing testing, with engineers claiming it won’t cause battery degradation.
Internal combustion engines are complex pieces of machinery, and it’s tough to learn exactly how they work with written explanations and diagrams alone. This see-through V8 replica is the perfect solution for teaching curious minds how cars turn gasoline into propulsion.
The SmarterEveryDay YouTube channel recently made a trip to Nebraska to get an up-close look at this V8 replica built by Brian King. Based on a 5.3-liter General Motors LS block, this pushrod demonstrator piece features most of the stuff you’d find in a real engine, including pistons, a crankshaft, a camshaft, lifters, springs, and valves. There’s even a functioning oil pump and real oil inside.
The casing and heads are made from plexiglass. In place of the spark plugs sit tiny flashing lights, there to signify the lighting of the plug during the piston’s power stroke. It gives the viewer a great visual of engine timing and how the piston is pushed down, in turn spinning the crankshaft and delivering power.
King went as far as to attach an electric motor to his demonstrator, allowing it to spin quickly enough to replicate the true speed of a running engine. It is here where you can get an understanding of firing order and balancing. With all of the “spark plugs” firing in quick succession, it’s also very fun to watch. If you’ve always been curious to learn how an engine works, this is the best real-life demonstration we’ve ever seen.
# A Piston In This Ford EcoBoost Engine Turned Into A Grenade
The internal combustion engine is a marvel of mechanical complexity that propels a vehicle down the highway at high speeds. However, when something goes wrong, the consequences can be catastrophic. For example, take a look at this Ford EcoBoost turbocharged 3.5-liter V6 with a blown-out piston.
This engine, extracted from a 2012 Ford F-150 with over 200,000 miles, had a ticking sound coming from the powerplant. Despite attempting to repair it, the piston eventually exploded, causing significant damage to the engine block. The damage is quite evident, with large holes in the engine block, a missing electrode on one of the spark plugs, and visible damage to the valve and piston.
Not only did the piston fail catastrophically, but the connecting rod also sheared away from the crankshaft, damaging the side skirt of another piston and bending multiple valves.
The cause of this severe engine failure remains unclear as Eric from the *I Do Cars* YouTube channel cannot pinpoint a possible reason. If you have any theories about what could have caused this kind of damage to an EcoBoost engine, share them in the comments.
It will be offered as both an ICE (internal combustion engine) model and an EV, and both will launch in 2024
The Tata Curvv was unveiled in concept form at the Auto Expo 2023.
Recent sightings reveal an LED lighting setup with split headlights similar to the new Nexon.
It is expected to have dual displays, a 2-spoke steering wheel with a backlit ‘Tata’ logo, and a touch-based climate control panel.
Other expected features include ventilated seats, 6 airbags, and a 360-degree camera.
It will be powered by a new 1.2-liter turbo-petrol engine and may come with Nexon’s 7-speed DCT.
The starting price for the Tata Curvv is expected to be around Rs 10.5 lakh (ex-showroom).
After being captured on camera for the first time in July this year, the Tata Curvv has been spotted on test again with less camouflage, revealing more design details. The latest test mule bears resemblance to the upcoming Hyundai Creta-rival.
Fresh Details Revealed
The spied test mule showcased the coupe-like roofline, similar to luxury SUV-coupes from brands like BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Additionally, it featured a split-LED headlight setup, similar to recently launched Tata models such as the Nexon, Harrier, and Safari.
On the side profile, it sported different alloy wheels compared to the Curvv concept displayed at Auto Expo 2023. The rear design details remain mostly hidden, but the spy shot suggests that it will resemble the Curvv concept, with sleek and angular LED taillights and a chunky tailgate.
Interior Features
Although the recent spy shots didn’t reveal the interior of the Tata Curvv, it is expected to share similarities with the new Nexon. This includes two large displays, a modern 2-spoke steering wheel with the backlit ‘Tata’ logo, and a new touch-based climate control panel.
As for features, the Tata Curvv might offer a 10.25-inch digital driver’s display (similar to the Nexon and Nexon EV), ventilated seats, cruise control, and push-button start/stop. Its safety package could include 6 airbags, ISOFIX child seat mounts, front and rear parking sensors, and a 360-degree camera. It might also feature advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) such as autonomous emergency braking and blind spot assist.
The Tata Curvv will be equipped with a new turbocharged 1.2-liter petrol engine (125PS/225Nm). The gearbox options have yet to be confirmed, but it may feature the same 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT) as the Nexon facelift. Other engine options are currently unknown.
Additionally, Tata will offer an electric variant of the Curvv, built on Tata’s Gen2 platform, with a claimed range of up to 500km. Details about the electric powertrain are still limited. The electric version is expected to be launched before the internal combustion engine (ICE) model.
Expected Price And Competition
The Tata Curvv is expected to have a starting price of around Rs 10.5 lakh (ex-showroom). It will serve as an SUV-coupe alternative to compact SUVs like the Maruti Grand Vitara, Kia Seltos, Volkswagen Taigun, Skoda Kushaq, Hyundai Creta, Honda Elevate, Toyota Urban Cruiser Hyryder, Citroen C3 Aircross, and MG Astor. The Curvv is expected to be available for sale in mid-2024.
Internal combustion engines convert air and fuel into energy through combustion, powering the attached machinery. These engines can be categorized into two-stroke and four-stroke engines, depending on their mechanical complexity.
All internal combustion engines rely on a piston and a crankshaft. When combustion occurs, the piston is pushed down, rotating the crankshaft. As the piston rises, it further rotates the crankshaft. This repetitive process drives vehicles and other machinery with engines. The distinction between two-stroke and four-stroke engines lies in how often this piston-crankshaft rotation occurs.
Each up or down movement of the piston is called a “stroke.” In a four-stroke engine, the spark plug ignites the fuel/air mixture every four strokes, or every other full crankshaft rotation. In contrast, a two-stroke engine fires the spark plug every two piston strokes, or every full crankshaft rotation. Two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, and more powerful relative to their size, mainly because they lack valves found in other engines.
In four-stroke engines, the fuel and air mixture only occupies the area above the piston. Conversely, in two-stroke engines, the mixture is present both above and below the piston. These design factors make two-stroke engines easier and cheaper to manufacture, which initially seemed advantageous. However, these characteristics eventually led to the phasing out of two-stroke engines by many modern countries and industries.
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