Tag Archives: cells

Cars

The Power Of Hydro: How Hydrogen Vehicle Engines Work

Most current hydrogen fuel cells utilize a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) design, also known as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. These cells consist of thin layers (less than 20 microns) of a material similar to plastic wrap.

The catalyst is applied to both the anode and cathode sides of the fuel cell. On the anode side, hydrogen molecules are separated into protons and electrons. The protons combine with an ion-conducting polymer (ionomer) and pass through the membrane to the cathode, where the oxygen reduction reaction occurs, generating the electrical energy required to power the vehicle’s motor.

Fuel cells also feature additional layers of carbon paper called Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs), which help divert water vapor components away from the reactive layers of the fuel cell and into the vehicle’s exhaust system.

Since hydrogen fuel cell systems do not produce electricity until they reach a temperature of 50ºF, hydrogen-powered vehicles like the Toyota Mirai are equipped with a lithium-ion battery to aid in initiating the electrochemical reaction.

Technology

How To Merge Cells In Microsoft Excel And Google Sheets

When you merge cells in Excel or Google Sheets, it’s important to understand what actually happens. The merge cells function combines the cells themselves, not their contents. Although spreadsheet programs can perform mathematical operations using formulas, merging cells is not a shortcut for this purpose.

If you merge two cells that contain content, only the content of the leftmost cell will be preserved in the resulting merged cell. The contents of any other merged cells will be deleted. You can’t merge cells to combine numbers or words. If you want a larger cell to contain the combined contents, you must first copy and paste the contents from the component cells into the lead cell before merging them; otherwise, you will lose all the content.